Houde and his fellow faculty members dug up the fossil in late May.

It was fortunate that the family didn't try to dig up the fossil because that could destroy the specimen; they did the right thing by calling someone who would know what to do.

Jude and his family had been invited by the researchers to see the fossil being preserved at the university.

Kyle Sparks, father of Jude, said he let his son decide what to do with the fossil.

So Jude reached out to Peter Houde, a professor at new Mexico State University who had experience with the same type of fossil in the past.

Starting April 28 of this year, the National Museum of Natural history will begin renovating its fossil hall.

The extensive data sources, combined with computer simulations, created a timeline of ocean temperature changes, including cooling from volcanic outbreaks and warming from fossil fuel emissions.

The fossil hall, which displays some of the world's oldest and largest fossil specimens, receives more than 2 million visitors each year.

The next day Houde came out to see the fossil for himself.

The winner of this year's competition will be awarded a preview of the new fossil hall, as well as a cash prize.

There is strong evidence that both innovation and adoption of cleaner technology are strongly encouraged by higher fossil fuel prices.

The same is true for new technologies for alleviating fossil fuel emissions.

The current low fossil fuel price environment will thus certainly delay the energy transition from fossil fuel to clean energy sources.

The International Monetary Fund calculates that countries can generate substantial fiscal revenues by eliminating fossil fuel subsidies and levying carbon charges that capture the domestic damage caused by emissions.

Renewables account for only a small share of global primary energy consumption, which is still dominated by fossil fuels—30% each for coal and oil, 25% for natural gas.

Progress in the development of renewables could be fragile, however, if fossil fuel prices remain low for long.

Notwithstanding important recent progress in developing renewable fuel sources, low fossil fuel prices could discourage further innovation in, and adoption of, cleaner energy technologies.

Natural gas and coal—also fossil fuels—have similarly seen price declines that look to be long-lived.

It is urgent for governments to increase the cost of using fossil fuels to an appropriate level to lessen the catastrophic effects of climate change.

If not corrected by the appropriate carbon price, low fossil fuel prices are not accurately signaling to markets the true social profitability of clean energy.

Higher fossil fuel prices prove to be conducive to innovation and application of cleaner technologyIf fossil fuel prices remain low for a long time, it may lead to higher emissions of greenhouse gases.

Fossil fuels remain the major source of primary energy consumption in today's world.

Fossil fuel prices are likely to stay low for long.

Even major fossil fuel exporting countries have great potential to develop renewable energies.

Even Africa and the Middle East, home to economies that are heavily dependent on fossil fuel exports, have enormous potential to develop renewables.

Direct subsidies to research and development have been adopted by some governments but are a poor substitute for a carbon price: they do only part of the job, leaving in place market incentives to over-use fossil fuels and thereby add to the stock of atmospheric greenhouse gases without regard to the collateral ( ' , 附帶的) costs.

But renewable energy will have to displace fossil fuels to a much greater extent in the future to avoid unacceptable climate risks.

But there are also many examples of growing wealth by trashing the environment, in rich and poor parts of the world alike, whether through unregulated mineral extraction, drastic water use for agriculture, slash-and-burn farming, or fossil-fuel-guzzling ( ' , 大量消耗) transport.

In other words, a few countries are benefiting enormously from the consumption of fossil fuels, while at the same time contributing disproportionately to the global burden of climate change.

Since much of this energy comes from the utilisation of fossil fuels, wastage of food potentially contributes to unnecessary global warming as well as inefficient resource utilisation.

As long as we're consuming fossil fuels, we're putting out CO2,"says Klaus Lackner, a geophysicist at Columbia, University" We cannot let the CO2 in the atmosphere rise indefinitely.

They found fossils of microscopic marine plants which suggest that the region was once open ocean not solid ice.

Direct subsidies to research and development have been adopted by some governments but are a poor substitute for a carbon price: they do only part of the job, leaving in place market incentives to over-use fossil fuels and thereby add to the stock of atmo

Even Africa and the middle East, home to economies that are heavily dependent on fossil fuel exports, have enormous potential to develop renewables.

He and other scientists say there are basically two options to replacing fossil fuels: generating energy with renewables or embracing nuclear power.

We can make a very good estimate from the fossil record that humans probably evolved naked skin around a million and a half years ago and meanwhile they mostly lost their coat of fur.